EXPLANATION OF THEORIES USING SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 THEORIES?

Theories can be identified as the explanations of natural or social behavior, event, or phenomenon. A scientific theory, in more formal terms, is a system composed of constructs (concepts) and propositions (the relationship between these constructs), that together give a logical, systematic, and cohesive explanation of a phenomenon of interest, subject to certain assumptions and constraints. A theory should be capable of explaining why things happen, not just describe or predict. We should note that a set of predictors can be used to predict events or behaviors without having to explain why such events occur. While the term "theory" is generally used outside of the scientific community to refer to a simple notion, scientists use it to refer to a widely accepted explanation for an event. In science, the scientific method is an essential section for the creation of various scientific theories that explain empirical (experimental) laws in a scientifically logical manner. Many tests and experiments have proven scientific theories, therefore they are unlikely to change in many scenarios.

WHY SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

Within a typical scientific method application, a researcher makes a hypothesis, tests it using various methods, and then modifies the hypothesis based on the results of the test and experiment. After that, he/she retests the modified hypothesis, modifies it further, and tests it again, until it is consistent with the observed phenomenon and the test result. In this way, hypotheses become a tool for scientists to collect data. Based on this data and many different scientific investigations to explore hypotheses, scientists can come up with a wide range of general explanations or scientific theories. 

APPLYING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Let's get a better understanding of the scientific method by applying its steps to a real-world problem. As an example of that, I take a failure which happens in toasting bread. The first step that we can come to solve this problem is to make an observation. Suppose someone takes two slices of bread, puts them in the toaster, and press the turn-on button to toast it. However, the bread is not toasted. So, we can identify “the toaster won’t toast” as the observation. Then suddenly arise a question that "why the toaster didn't work?” Thus, we have to make a hypothesis which is a possible answer to the question, one that can be tested in some way. For instance, in this circumstance, our hypothesis could be that the bread didn't toast because the electrical outlet of the toaster is damaged. This isn't always the most appropriate explanation. Instead, it's a hypothesis that we can test to determine if it's likely right or if we need to come up with a new one.

EXPLANATION VS. CONFIRMATION

Explanation involves answering questions like Why (or how) is it the case that X?, where "X" is considered to be true, while confirmation entails offering reasons to believe (or proof) that certain statements (especially, scientific theories) are correct (in the context C in which the question is asked). Context C additionally establishes explanatorily relevant/salient contrasts and background conditions. The explanandum of an explanation is the thing that is being explained, while the explanans is the thing that is explaining.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Science's goal is to produce scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is a broad set of principles and hypotheses developed using the scientific process to describe a phenomenon or behavior of interest. Theories are systematic explanations of the underlying phenomenon or behavior, whereas laws are recognized patterns of occurrences or behaviors. For example, in physics, the Newtonian Laws of Motion describe what happens when an object is in a state of rest or motion (Newton’s First Law), what force is required to move a stationary object or to bring a moving object to a complete stop (Newton’s Second Law), and what happens when two objects collide (Newton’s Third Law). These three laws together form the foundation of classical mechanics, or the study of moving objects. Scientific study aims to find laws and propose ideas that may be used to explain natural or social occurrences, or to expand scientific knowledge. It's critical to recognize that this knowledge could be incomplete or even inaccurate.

Science is a method of learning about the natural world. The collection of information gathered via scientific method is an essential part of explaining the theories. Scientists undertake scientific research by providing testable questions that can be carefully observed and accurate evidence gathered. Then they use a hypothesis, which means logical reasoning and some imagination to develop a testable idea along with explanations to explain the concept. Finally, scientists construct and conduct experiments based on their hypotheses. These steps of scientific method is also important for the students when process of learning and getting decisions for the problems.