Philosophy of Science

  THEORIES? Theories can be identified as the explanations of natural or social behavior, event, or phenomenon. A scientific theory, in more formal terms, is a system composed of constructs (concepts) and propositions (the relationship between these constructs), that together give a logical, systematic, and cohesive explanation of a phenomenon of interest, subject to certain assumptions and constraints. A theory should be capable of explaining why things happen, not just describe or predict. We should note that a set of predictors can be used to predict events or behaviors without having to explain why such events occur. While the term "theory" is generally used outside of the scientific community to refer to a simple notion, scientists use it to refer to a widely accepted explanation for an event. In science, the scientific method is an essential section for the creation of various scientific theories that explain empirical (experimental) laws in a scientifically logical man...

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY ? Scientific inquiry refers to the various methods through which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence gathered. Students' actions that promote knowledge and understanding of scientific principles, as well as an understanding of how scientists examine the natural world, are referred to as inquiry. There are two basic functions of scientific inquiry. For starters, it explains how scientific investigation is carried out in practice. Second, it explains why scientific inquiry is successful in achieving genuine knowledge at the end of the process. Scientific inquiry expands beyond the formation of procedural skills like observing, inferring, classifying, predicting, measuring, questioning, interpreting and analyzing data, which must all happen in the right order for genuine scientific inquiry to take place. Also, scientific inquiry refers to the combination of traditional science techniques with scientific understandi...

Science is one of the ways that humans try to understand the physical world and make sense of it. Science is fundamental to determining and explaining phenomena. So, science helps us to understand about some matters like how and why do they happen? For example, ecologists may try to explain why species diversity is decreasing in an ecosystem, or astronomers may try to explain the phases of the Moon based on the relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. When scientists explain phenomena and construct new claims, they provide evidence and reasons to justify them or to convince other scientists of the validity of the claims. To be scientifically literate citizens, students need to engage in similar inquiry. Engaging students in explanation and argumentation can result in numerous benefits for students. For example, creating and supporting their claims can help students develop a stronger understanding of the content knowledge. Scientific explanation is an essential learning goal. SC...